Newcastle disease virus monoclonal antibodies

ABSTRACT

Anti-peptide monoclonal antibodies (MAb&#39;s) specific for Exotic Newcastle Disease (END) are used for rapid diagnostic identification between poultry infected with vaccine strains of NDV (LaSota/B1) and END virus (ENDV). Exotic Newcastle Disease is a contagious and fatal viral disease of birds and poultry. The present invention provides for diagnostic detection of ENDV in commercial poultry.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to monoclonal antibodies, the hybridomasproducing the antibodies, and methods for identifying and distinguishingvaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus from highly virulent ExoticNewcastle Disease virus. It also relates to peptides used to make themonoclonal antibodies.

2. Description of the Related Art

Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the Paramyxoviridae family,is designated avian paramyxovirus 1. The enveloped virus has anegative-sense single-stranded genome of approximately 15 kb which codesfor six proteins, including an RNA-directed RNA polymerase,hemaglutinin-neuraminidase protein, fusion protein, matrix protein,phosphoprotein, and nucleocapsid protein (Alexander, In: B. W. Calnek,H. J. Barnes, C. W. Beard, W. M. Reid, and H. W. Yoder, Jr (Eds),Diseases of Poultry, 9^(th) ed., Iowa State University Press, Ames,Iowa, p. 496-519, 1991). Outbreaks of Newcastle disease were firstreported for poultry from Java, Indonesia, and Newcastle-upon-Tyne,England in 1926. The disease currently has a worldwide distribution witha wide host range in which all orders of birds have been reported to beinfected by NDV. Infectious virus may be ingested or inhaled, whichresults in its transmission and is the basis for mass-applicationvaccination procedures for poultry (Diseases of Poultry, 1991, supra).Isolates of NDV are categorized into three main pathotypes depending onthe severity of disease produced by the isolate in chickens (Alexander,In: H. G. Purchase, L. H. Arp, C. H. Domermuth, and J. E. Pearson(Eds.), A Laboratory Manual for the Isolation and Identification ofAvian Pathogens, 3^(rd) edition, American Association of AvianPathologists, Inc., Kennet Square, Pa.; 114-120, 1989; Alexander, 1991,supra). Lentogenic isolates do not usually cause disease in adult birdsand are considered avirulent. Viruses of intermediate virulence thatcause respiratory disease are termed mesogenic, while virulent virusesthat cause high mortality are termed velogenic. In the United States,disease outbreaks of velogenic NDV in poultry are also termed Exotic NewCastle Disease (END) and isolates from those outbreaks are termed ENDVirus (ENDV). Neurotropic and viscerotropic forms of velogenic viruseshave been reported worldwide (Alexander, 1991, supra). Viscerotropicvelogenic viruses have entered the United States via importation ofpsittacines ( Bruning-Fann et al., J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., Volume 201,1709-1714, 1992; Panigraphy et al., Avian Dis., Volume 37, 254-258,1993; Senne et al., Avian Dis., Volume 27, 731-744, 1983) and were thecausal agent of the major outbreak in southern California during theearly 1970s (Schloer, ILnfect. Immun., Volume 10, 724-732, 1968;Utterback and Schwartz, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., Volume 163, 1080-1088,1973). Outbreaks of Newcastle disease in cormorants in the north centralUnited States and southern Canada in the 1990s were attributed toneurotropic velogenic viruses (Bannerjee et al., Avian Dis., Volume 38,873-878, 1994; Wobeser et al., Can. Vet. J., Volume 34, 353-359, 1993).

Differential diagnosis of NDV involves hemagglutination inhibition withpolyclonal NDV-specific antisera (Alexander, 1989, supra; Alexander,1991, supra), or use of the enzyme-linked imunosorbent assay (ELISA)(Jestin et al., Arch. Virol., Volume 105, 199-208, 1989; Miers et al.,Avian Pathol., Volume 27, 1112-1125, 1983; Wilson et al., Avian Dis.,Volume 29, 1070-1085, 1984). Oligonucleotide probes (Jarecki-Black etal., Avian Dis., Volume 36, 134-138, 1992; Jarecki-Black et al., AvianDis., Volume 37, 724-730, 1993) and viral genomic RNA fingerprintanalysis (McMillian and Hanson, Avian Dis., Volume 26, 332-339, 1982;Palmieri and Mitchell, Avian Dis., Volume 35, 384-388, 1991) havebeen-used to identify and differentiate NDV strains but with limitedsuccess. Monoclonal antibodies are now used to identify antigenic groupsbut pathotyping NDV isolates involves labor-intensive procedures.Pathotype prediction initially involves NDV inoculation of embryonatedeggs to determine the mean time of death of the embryo. Further testingentails inoculation of chickens to determine the intracerebralpathogenicity index and the intravenous pathogenicity index. In theUnited States, the intracloacal inoculation pathogenicity test is usedto distinguish viscerotropic velogenic NDV from neurotropic velogenicviruses. Additionally, virulent NDV can be differentiated by its abilityto replicate in most avian and mammalian cell types without the additionof trypsin (Kaleta et al., Comp. Imm. Microbiol. Infect. Dis., Volume 2,485-496, 1980; King, Avian Dis., Volume 37, 961-969, 1993; Nagai et al.,Virology, Volume 72, 494-508, 1976). Although all NDV isolates canreplicate in chicken embryo kidney cells, lentogenic viruses requiretrypsin for replication in avian fibroblasts or mammalian cells (King,supra).

Makkay et al. (Veterinary Microbiology, Volume 66 (3), 209-222, 1999)report that with the advent of subunit vaccines for microbial diseases,it is becoming increasingly important to be able to differentiatenaturally infected animals from those vaccinated. Makkay et al. disclosethe development of an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) usingbaculovirus-expressed nucleocapsid proteins from Newcastle Disease virusas the coating antigen for a diagnostic and differential ELISA in orderto detect antibody to subunit vaccines to Newcastle Disease Virus.

Roehrig et al. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Volume 29 (3),630-631, 1991) disclose the preparation of a murine monoclonal antibodywhich differentiates between vaccine and wild-type Venezuelan equineencephalomyelitis viruses when used in an ELISA or an ImmunoFlourescentAssay (IFA). The reference discloses that the monoclonal antibody wasderived from immunization with a synthetic peptide corresponding to thefirst 19 amino acids of the E2 glycoprotein of Trinidad donkeyVenezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus.

While methods are available for detecting the presence of NDV inanimals, there remains a need for monoclonal antibodies, the hybridomasthat produce them, and methods for differentiating high virulent ExoticNewcastle Disease viruses from the low virulent NDV used to producevaccines of the present invention which overcome some of the limitationsof related art detection methods. The present invention described beloware novel monoclonal antibodies, novel hybridomas producing themonoclonal antibody, novel peptide sequences used to produce themonoclonal antibodies and methods for using the antibodies and protein.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide novelmonoclonal antibodies which differentiate between infected animals andvaccinated animals.

It is another object of the present invention to identify novel peptidesfor making the monoclonal antibodies which can differentiate betweenanimals infected with high virulent Exotic NDV and animals vaccinatedwith low virulent NDV.

Another object of the present invention is to provide novel hybridomasproducing novel monoclonal antibodies which differentiate betweenanimals infected with high virulent Exotic NDV and animals vaccinatedwith low virulent NDV.

Another object of the present invention is to provide methods fordetecting animals that are infected with Newcastle disease virus using amonoclonal antibody that differentiates between a wild type virulentNewcastle Disease Virus and a vaccine Newcastle Disease virus.

A still further object of the present invention is to provide reagentsfor a commercial diagnostic kit containing a monoclonal antibody capableof differentiating between an animal infected with virulent NewcastleDisease virus and an animal vaccinated for Newcastle Disease virus.

Further objects and advantages of the present invention will becomeapparent from following description.

DEPOSIT OF THE HYBRIDOMAS

Hybridoma Cell lines: 7F8.C7; 13F7.B6.A7; 10F11.B2.C3; 17F4.F4;18E9.G3.D7 were submitted on Apr. 17, 2007 and 21A7.B12.F8 submitted onSep. 20, 2007 for patent deposit purposes on behalf of USDA-ARSSoutheast Poultry Research Laboratory. These materials have beendeposited under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty with the AmericanType Tissue Culture Collection (ATCC, Manassas, Va. 20110, USA) on Apr.17, 2007. The ATCC Patent Deposit Designation PTA-8331, PTA-8332,PTA-8333, PTA-8334, and PTA-8335 for MAb 13F7.B6.A7, 17F4.F4,10F11.B2.C3, 18E9.G3.D7, and 7F8.C7, respectively. For 21A7.B12.F8, theDeposit Designation is PTA-8641. The deposit has been accepted by theInternational Depository Authority under the provisions of the BudapestTreaty and all restrictions upon public access to the deposit will beirrevocably removed upon the grant of a patent on this application.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a graph showing reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies to theLaSota vaccine strain of NDV and the END virus (California 2002: CA02).A cutoff of about 0.1 O.D. indicates a positive or negative reaction.

FIG. 2 shows amino acid alignment of the HN protein from LaSota, B1 andEND (California 2002; CA02) viruses. Boxes indicate regions used toproduce peptides utilized for immunization of mice.

FIG. 3 shows the amino acid alignment of the P protein from LaSota, B1and END (California 2002; CA02) viruses. Boxed region indicated regionof CA02 sequence used to produce peptides (No 7) for immunization ofmice.

FIGS. 4 a-f show Western blot analysis with anti-peptide monoclonalantibodies 7F8 (FIG. 4 a), 10F11 (FIG. 4 b), 13F7 (FIG. 4 c), 17F4 (FIG.4 d), 18E9 (FIG. 4 e) and 21A7 (FIG. 4 f) reacting against vaccine NDVHN (SEQ ID NO 2), Exotic NDV HN (SEQ ID NO 5), NDV P (SEQ ID NO 7) orAll NDV HN (SEQ ID NO 1) peptide conjugates.

FIG. 5 is a photograph of a Dot Blot reactivity of monoclonal antibodies7F8, 10F11, 13F7, 17F4, 18E9, and 21A7 to NDV antigen. ENDV is ExoticNewcastle Disease Virus (Isolate CA02) and LaSota is a standard NDVvaccine strain.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Exotic Newcastle disease (END) is a contagious and fatal viral diseaseof birds and poultry. On Oct. 1, 2002, END virus (ENDV) was confirmed incommercial poultry operations in California. A quarantine area wasimposed over southern California and movement of all poultry and birdspecies was banned. The ENDV was also isolated in Nevada, Arizona, andTexas. More than 3.4 million birds were depopulated at a cost of morethan 200 million dollars in state-federal task force funds. The ENDoutbreak underscores the susceptibility of the poultry industry toNewcastle Disease virus and the need for rapid diagnostic reagentsspecific for END virus. The present invention is to anti-peptidemonoclonal antibodies specific for all NDV and ENDV that can be used forrapid diagnostic identification and detection of END and to thehybridomas and antigens used to produce the monoclonal antibodies.Conventional diagnosis of NDV requires virus isolation andidentification of the virus as NDV, which is very time consuming andlaborious. The development of a rapid, single-use, field test for ENDVwill remove the initial dependence of sample shipping, reduce expenses,and result in faster notification of state and federal officials to thepositive identification of an END-infected flock.

Genetic sequence differences between velogenic (highly virulent) andlentogenic (low virulent) isolates were used to develop monoclonalantibodies that detect and differentiate high virulent (exotic) isolatesfrom low virulent (vaccine) isolates.

Seven different peptides were identified to thehemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) and Phosphoprotein (P) that allow forspecific identification and differentiation of ENDV. The peptides weresynthesized, conjugated to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) and injectedinto BALB/c mice. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were isolated and testedby Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and by Western BlotAnalysis with both ENDV and LaSota virus. Final testing was performedusing dot blot analysis with ENDV and LaSota virus.

Preparation of hybridomas was accomplished using conventional techniquessuch as described by Kohler and Milstein (Nature, Volume 256, 495-497,1975) Koprowski et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,196,265) or Wands (U.S. Pat. No.4,271,145), the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference.Generally, the process of preparation comprises the steps of immunizingan animal with an antigen of interest, recovering splenocytes orlymphocytes from the animal, fusing the splenocytes or lymphocytes withcontinuously replicating myeloma cells to produce hybrid cells, andscreening the resultant hybrid cells for the production of antibodies tothe antigen. However, because the peptides of the present invention arerelatively small molecules, they are themselves incapable of stimulatingthe immune system to produce antibodies. To render the compoundimmunogenic, it must first be conjugated to an immunogenic carrier insuch a manner that the resultant immunogen is capable of stimulating theimmune system of an animal to produce specific antibodies that arecapable of binding the unconjugated peptides of the present invention.

The amino acid sequences of the peptides of the present invention are asfollows:

MAKSSYKPGRFGGK SEQ ID NO 1 DGVREARSG SEQ ID NO 2 EKITSTLG SEQ ID NO 3DRVTSLLN SEQ ID NO 4 QRPTQQQGSQPSR SEQ ID NO 5 QPLAKQHGNQLNH SEQ ID NO 6DRV SEQ ID NO 7SEQ ID NO 1 sequence is an HN amino acid sequence and is used to producemonoclonal antibodies to detect “all” NDV; SEQ ID NO 2 is an HN aminoacid sequence and is used to produce monoclonal antibodies to detectvaccine strains (LaSota/B1) of NDV; SEQ ID NO 3 is an HN amino acidsequence based on LaSota/B1 isolates; SEQ ID NO 4 is an HN amino acidsequence and is used to produce monoclonal antibodies to detect only ENDviruses; SEQ ID NO 5 is a P protein amino acid sequence based onLaSota/B1 vaccine strains of NDV; and SEQ ID NO 6 is a P protein aminoacid sequence used to produce monoclonal antibodies to detect ENDV/Ca02isolate.

These peptides are rendered immunogenic by coupling them to animmunogenic carrier by the following procedure. The immunizing agent isconstructed by covalently conjugating a peptide of the present inventionto an immunogenic carrier protein, preferably by means of a crosslinker,such as a gluteraldehyde moiety. Immunogenic carriers are defined hereinas any compound to which any one of the peptides of the presentinvention may be attached to render the peptide immunogenic. Suitablecarriers are well known and may be readily determined by the skilledpractitioner in the art. Without being limited thereto, preferredcarriers include proteins such as, for example, keyhole limpethemocyanin (KLH), bovine serum albumin (BSA), ovalbumin (OVA) and humanthyroglobulin. The function of the crosslinker is to introduce into themolecule a spacer of sufficient size to prevent the carrier protein frommasking the peptide molecule.

To generate antibody-producing splenocytes or lymphocytes, an immunizingpreparation comprising the antigen (peptide-carrier conjugate) isinjected into an immunologically competent animal. The preparation mayalso contain other proteins, although pure or substantially purecompositions of the conjugate in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrierare preferred.

Without being limited thereto, rats and particularly mice are preferredhosts for raising antibodies because of ease of handling. BALB/c miceare most commonly used. Preparation of hybridomas using splenocytes fromthese animals fused to any of a variety of myeloma cell lines, such asSP2/0, is well-known in the literature.

The immunization protocol includes an injection schedule that issufficient to allow for maturation of the immune response in the animal.Preferably, a series comprising an initial injection followed by about3-4 boosters at approximately 30-day intervals should be given prior tofusion. The dose of antigen injected should be sufficient to stimulatethe immune system. Any reasonable amount in excess of 25 μg perinjection would be effective. Typically, the antigen is suspended in aphysiological vehicle, such as isotonic saline or Phosphate BufferedSaline (PBS) buffer. In accordance with a preferred embodiment, anadjuvant may be incorporated into the immunizing preparation forenhanced stimulation of the immune system, particularly for the first1-2 or 1-3 injections. A variety of adjuvants which are conventional inthe art may be used herein, although Freund's or RIBI adjuvants arepreferred. The route of injection is typically intraperitoneally, thoughother routes would also likely be effective in inducing an immuneresponse.

Splenocytes or lymphocytes recovered from the immunized animal are fusedwith continuously replicating tumor cells, such as myeloma or lymphomacells, cultured and hybridoma cells selected using techniquesconventional in the art. Many continuously replicating tumor cell linesare available which may be used as fusion partners with the splenocytes.Without being limited thereto, preferred myeloma cells include P3, NS1,K653, and particularly SP2/0.

Fusion and culture of the cells can be performed using conventionaltechniques. In accordance with one well known effective procedure, thesplenocytes and myeloma cells are fused by exposure to polyethyleneglycol. Hybrid cells are selected by culture inhypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT) medium, whereby unfused myelomacells are killed by HAT and splenocytes die out, leaving only the hybridcells. The resultant hybridomas are then grown in RPMI or other suitableculture medium and assayed for antibody production.

Samples of the supernatant culture fluid from the hybridomas arescreened using a plurality of techniques such as RIA and Enzyme-Linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) , in accordance with the preferredembodiment of the invention, an indirect ELISA is employed. Generally,solid substrates, such as beads or the wells of a microtiter plate,which are coated with the antigen or antigen-conjugate, are used to bindthe anti-peptide antibody in the supernatant culture fluid. A preferredcoating is BSA-coupled peptide . Detection of bound antibody may beaccomplished by addition of enzyme-labeled anti-immunoglobulinantibodies followed by enzyme substrate. Horseradish peroxidase and itssubstrate, 2,2′-azinobis-3-ethylbenthiazoline-sulfonic acid (ABTS) arepreferred enzyme/substrate labels. However, it is understood that otherenzyme/substrate labels or non-enzyme labels such as radiolabels orchromophores may also be used.

Cloning of hybridomas which are positive for desired antibody productioncan be carried out as soon as they are detected by any method known inthe art. Hybridomas having a positive response in the ELISA screen arepreferably expanded and subcloned one or more times by limiting dilutionto assure monoclonality.

The supernatant culture fluid from the cloned hybridomas may also bescreened to select for those producing antibodies having a high affinityfor the peptides of the present invention. Affinity may be measuredusing a variety of well known techniques, such as ELISA or RIA. Anindirect ELISA was utilized to detect monoclonal binding in thesestudies. Briefly, the cell-culture supernatant containing monoclonalantibody is added to the wells of an assay plate containing the peptide,conjugated to a different carrier protein than used for injection intothe animal. This application ensures antibody reactivity to the peptideand not the carrier protein molecule used for injection. For thesestudies, KLH was coupled to the peptide to inject into mice, and BSA wascoupled to the peptide for testing by ELISA. Following incubation andwashing, bound antibody in the wells is detected by the addition of anenzyme-labeled secondary antibody which reacts to the primary monoclonalantibody. The enzyme substrate is added to the wells of the plate andantibody detection is determined colormetrically.

Once hybridomas producing and secreting the desired anti-peptideantibodies are identified, large quantities of the antibody(ies) may beproduced in tissue culture using well-known techniques. Alternatively,antibody may be produced within host animals, such as by ascitesformation in syngenic mice. Monoclonal antibodies so produced may bepurified, for example, by affinity chromatography on protein A or Gresin, or using peptide bound to a resin.

The antibodies of the present invention may be used to detect exoticNewcastle Disease virus (ENDV) in commercial poultry, as well as lowvirulent vaccine strains. The antibodies can used to detect ENDV usingwell known immunoassay procedures including but no limited toradioimmunoassay, ELISA, lateral flow assay, etc.

Lateral flow tests are also known as “dip-stick” orimmunochromatographic strip tests. They are a popular platform for rapidtests since their introduction in the late 1980s, and have been designedto detect other virus (e.g. influenza), as well as for home pregnancytests. Lateral flow tests are used for the specific qualitative orsemi-quantitative detection of many analytes including antigens frompathogens, or antibodies against pathogens. Single or multi-analytes canbe tested for simultaneously on the same strip. In the case of poultrytesting for avian influenza, oral or cloacal swabs are the normal sampleapplied to the strip, however, in human applications, urine, saliva,serum, plasma, or whole blood can be used as specimens. Test sensitivityand specificity can vary depending on the affinity and avidity ofreagents produced. In the case of hepatitis B surface antigen, testshave claimed a sensitivity of 1.0 ng or less. The tests generally usecolloidal gold, dye, or latex bead conjugates to generate a signaldetectable by the user. An advantage of these types of tests in adiagnostic setting is that they are self contained and do not requirespecific skills or training to perform or interpret. The assembledstrips are prepared, dried and packaged and have a stable shelf-lifewhen properly stored. To perform a test, the sample is placed inextraction or running buffer and placed on the sample pad at one end ofthe strip. The capture reagent binds to the antigen or antibody in thesample and moves through the strip by capillary action. If specificanalyte is present, the signal reagent binds to it, and a secondantibody or antigen-immobilized as a line in the nitrocellulose-thencaptures the complex. If the test is positive, a pink/purple linedevelops depending on the chromatogen employed in the test strip.Results are generally observed in 5 to 20 minutes. All tests include aninternal positive control line that is used to validate the test result.The appearance of two lines, therefore, indicates a positive result,while a negative test produces only a single line.

The monoclonal antibodies and/or peptides of the present invention maybe incorporated into lateral flow kits alone, or together with any othernecessary reagents. Such a kit for use comprises a first containercomprising the monoclonal antibody, a second container comprising adetection reagent effective for detecting bound antibody, and a peptideconjugate of the present invention bound to a solid support.

Detection and differentiation of ENDV from NDV in animal tissue samples,body fluids, excretions or feeds may be performed using theabove-described assay with minimal sample preparation and withoutextensive extraction procedures. Samples need only be placed inappropriate extraction or running buffer and applied to the lateral flowstrip .

In an alternative embodiment of this invention, it is understood thatantibody fragments having the epitope for recognizing and/or binding apeptide of the present invention could be substituted for the intactimmunoglobulin. In illustration, the Fab monovalent fragment can begenerated by digestion of the immunoglobulin with papain. The Fabfragments each have a single antigen-binding site. The (Fab′)₂ bivalentfragment can be generated by digestion of immunoglobulin with pepsinwherein each fragment contains two antigen-binding sites and is stillcapable of cross-linking antigen. The Fv (variable fragment) can be usedfor the same purpose as the intact IgG for binding a peptide of thepresent invention.

Fv is the minimum antibody fragment which contains a completeantigen-recognition and -binding site. In a two-chain Fv species, thisregion consists of a dimer of one heavy- and one light-chain variabledomain in tight, non-covalent association. In a single-chain Fv species(scFv), one heavy- and one light-chain variable domain can be covalentlylinked by a flexible peptide linker such that the light and heavy chainscan associate in a dimeric structure analogous to that in a two-chain Fvspecies.

The following examples are intended only to further illustrate theinvention and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention whichis defined by the claims.

EXAMPLE 1

To identify specific peptide sequences, embryo-propagated NewcastleDisease Virus (NDV) for the California 2002-2003 END outbreak isolate(CA02) was purified by density gradient centrifugation and genomic RNAextracted with a commercial RNA extraction kit (Qiagen RNeasy™).Degenerate oligonucleotide primers that recognize NDV genomic sequenceswere used for RT-PCR amplification of the F and HN genes (Seal et al.,J. Clin. Microbiol., Volume 33, 2624-2630, 1995; herein incorporated byreference). Synthesized cDNA was cloned into plasmid vectors (Mead etal., Biotechnology, Volume 9, 657-663, 1991; herein incorporated byreference) and replicated in bacteria (Hanahan, Techniques fortransformation of E. coli, IRL Press, Oxford, 1985; herein incorporatedby reference). Double-stranded DNA sequencing (Sanger et al., Proc NatlAcad Sci USA, Volume 74, 5463-5467, 1977; herein incorporated byreference) with fluorescently-labeled dideoxynucleotides and Taqpolymerase (Applied Biosystems Inc., Foster City, Calif.) was performedwith an automated sequencer (Smith et al., Nature, Volume 321, 674-679,1986) and M13 universal forward and reverse primers. Nucleotide,predicted amino acid sequence analysis, and multiple alignments wereperformed with the CLUSTAL V™ (Higgins et al., Comput Appl Biosci,Volume 8, 189-191, 1992; herein incorporated by reference) method usingLASERGENE™ software version 1.03 (DNASTAR, Madison, Wis.). The HN aminoacid sequences from the commonly used NDV vaccine strains, LaSota/B1,were obtained form GenBank (LaSota-AY845400; B1-NC_(—)002617) andaligned (MEGALIGN™) with the CA02 isolate. Peptides specific for CA02and vaccine strains were identified and analyzed for predictedantigenicity. Peptides were synthesized and coupled to Keyhole LimpetHemocyanin (KLH) using standard procedures (Sigma-GenoSys™). Based onamino acid alignment (FIGS. 1 and 2) and antigenic index analysis, threedifferent peptides were identified to the HN (Table 1) protein and oneto the P protein (Table 2) that would allow for specific detection anddifferentiation of ENDV from LaSota/B1 vaccine strains.

TABLE 1 Amino acid sequences of HN protein from differ- ent NDV strains.Peptides produced to detect all NDV vaccine strains (LaSota/B1) andExotic strains specific are shown in bold. To detect NDV strains Todetect END To detect All Specific strain Speci- NDV Amino Acid AminoAcid fic Amino position position Acid Position NDV Strain 354-367572-580 68-75 LaSota-Vac- MAKSSYKPGRFGGK DGVREARSG EKITSTLG cine typeSEQ ID NO 1 SEQ ID NO 2 SEQ ID NO 3 B1-Vaccine MAKSSYKPGRFGGK DGVREARSGEKITSTLG type SEQ ID NO 1 SEQ ID NO 2 SEQ ID NO 3 END-ExoticMAKSSYKPGRFGGK DRV DRVTSLLN NDV SEQ ID NO 1 SEQ ID NO 7 SEQ ID NO 4PEPTIDE MAKSSYKPGRFGGK DGVREARSG DRVTSLLN PRODUCED SEQ ID NO 1 SEQ ID NO2 SEQ ID NO 4

TABLE 2 Amino acid sequences of P protein from differ- ent NDV strains.Peptides produced to detect ENDV specific are shown in bold. To detectAll NDV Amino Acid position NDV Strain 145-157 LaSota-Vaccine typeQRPTQQQGSQPSR SEQ ID NO 5 B1-Vaccine type QRPTQQQGSQPSR SEQ ID NO 5END-Exotic NDV QPLAKQHGNQLNH SEQ ID NO 6 PEPTIDE QPLAKQHGNQLNH PRODUCEDSEQ ID NO 6

EXAMPLE 2

Monoclonal antibodies were produced by immunizing Balb/c mice with anemulsion prepared from KLH-coupled peptide in Freud's complete andincomplete adjuvant for priming and boosting, respectively. Mice wereinjected intra-peritoneally with 0.1 mg of peptide coupled to KLH incomplete adjuvant on day 1, 21 and 35. The mice were boosted at day 49with incomplete adjuvant. Monoclonal antibodies were prepared by fusingspleen cells from peptide-immunized mice with the mouse myeloma cellline SP2/0 in the presence of about 50% polyethylene glycol 1000 (Sigma,St. Louis, Mo.) (Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: a Laboratory Manual, ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, NY, 1988; herein incorporated by reference).Fused hybridoma cells were resuspended in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco'sMedium (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, andthymine (HAT) supplemented with about 20% fetal calf serum in 96-wellflat-bottom microtiter plates.

Following growth to about 80% confluency, hybridomas were analyzed forthe presence of peptide-specific antibodies by indirect enzyme-linkedimmunosorbent assay (ELISA) using Bovine Serum Albumin-coupled peptidesas antigen. Approximately 50 μl aliquots of cell culture supernatantswere transferred to individual wells of a 96-well microtiter platecoated with about 10 μg/ml peptide. Detection was carried out usingrabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig)G or M conjugated to alkalinepohosphatase (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) and substrate containing SigmaFastpNPP tablets(Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.). Individual microtiter plate wellswere read at the dual wavelengths of about 405 nm and about 490 nm.Selected monoclonal antibody-secreting hybridoma cell lines were clonedby limiting dilution in microtiter plates.

Isotypes of the monoclonal antibodies were determined using IsoStripMouse Monoclonal Antibody Isotyping Kit according to the manufacturer'sinstructions (Roche Applied Science, Indianapolis, Ind.).

Characterization of monoclonal antibody specificity was examined usingCA02 and LaSota virus as antigen. Wells of microtiter plates (Immunlon2; Dynex, Chantilly, Va.) were coated with approximately 10 μg/ml ofbetapropiolactone (BPL)-inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus in carbonatecoating buffer (pH about 9.6) for approximately 3 hours at roomtemperature and held overnight at about 4° C. Hybridoma supernatantswere diluted 2-fold and reactivity performed in the indirect ELISA asdescribed above in this example. All incubation times were approximately1 hour and volumes were approximately 50 μl.

In addition, characterization of monoclonal antibody specificity wasperformed using Western blot analysis. The BSA-coupled NDV amino acidpeptides were separated by SDS-PAGE in a 10% polyacrylamide gel usingthe Bio-Rad Criterion system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., Hercules,Calif.) (Laemmli et al., J. Mol. Biol., Volume 47, 69-85, 1979; hereinincorporated by reference). The separated proteins were transferred ontoa 0.45 μM nitrocellulose membrane by semi-dry blot with a Bio-RadTrans-Blot SD Semi-Dry Cell (Towbin et al., Proc. Natl. Acad.: Sci.,USA, Volume 76, 4350-4354, 1979; herein incorporated by reference).Transfer was performed at a constant voltage of approximately 15 voltsfor about 20 minutes. Following transfer, unbound protein binding siteswere blocked by incubation with about 5% skim milk in PBS-T (about 0.05%TWEEN 20 in Phosphate Buffer Solution) for about 1 hour at roomtemperature. Longitudinal strips were cut and reacted with undilutedhybridoma culture supernatant. Each membrane strip was reacted withsecondary antibody (goat anti-mouse IgG or M conjugated to horseradishperoxidase, Southern Biotech Associates, Inc., Birmingham, Ala.) atabout a 1:2000 dilution for about 1 hour. The membranes were reactedwith ECL Western Blotting Detection Reagents (Amersham Biosciences,Piscataway, N.J.) according to manufacturers' recommendation and exposedto Hyperfilm ECL (Amersham Biosciences). The film was developed usingKodak GBX developing reagents (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y.)according to the manufacturers' recommendations.

The results from the ELISA studies using whole inactivated NDV isolates,ENDV or LaSota, are shown in FIG. 1. Results indicate that all MAb'sproduced reacted against either ENDV alone or both isolates. MAb's10F11, 13F7, 18E9 and 21A7 reacted against ENDV and LaSota, while MAb's7F8 and 17F4 only detected ENDV. Likewise, western blot analysis of theMAb's produced in this invention confirmed reactivity against thepeptide used for injection in mice (FIG. 4). MAb 13F7 and 18E9 reactagainst the HN protein to amino acid sequences found in “all” NDV, andwere identified as IgG and IgM isotypes, respectively (Table 3). MAb10F11 reacted against the P protein of NDV, and is an IgM isotype. MAb's7F8 (IgM) and 17F4 (IgG) reacted against the HN of ENDV only, while 21A7(IgM) appeared to against peptide SEQ ID NO 2.

TABLE 3 Monoclonal antibodies produced in this invention react againstdifferent NDV peptides. Hybridomas were tested and identified byindirect ELISA and Western blot to BSA coupled peptide. Isotypes weredetermined based on reactivity in a commercial kit. MAb React againstIdentification ALL NDV HN peptide 13F7 18E9 SEQ ID NO 1 MAb Isotype IgGIgM Vaccine strains HN 21A7 SEQ ID NO 2 MAb Isotype IgM ENDV HN 7F8 17F4SEQ ID NO 4 MAb Isotype IgM IgG NDV P peptide 10F11 SEQ ID NO 6 MAbIsotype IgM

EXAMPLE 3

Based on the MAb reactivity profile established above, the reagents weretested on live NDV viruses for detection via Dot Blot analysis (FIG. 5).NDV viruses were grown in 9-11 day-of-embryonation SPF chicken eggs andharvest after 72 hour. Viruses were partially purified (Kapczynski,2003) and 5 μl spots applied onto nitrocellulose membranes. Afterdrying, the spots were reacted against the MAb's reported here. Resultsindicate MAb's 7F8 and 17F4 react only against END and not the vaccinestrain of NDV. In contrast, MAb's 10F11, 13F7, 18E9 and 21A7 reactedwith both ENDV and the LaSota vaccine isolate, indicating they could beused to detect all NDV's in a lateral flow assay. The reaction of MAb21A7 against ENDV was unexpected based on amino acid sequence, however,a small degree of homology is observed between the NDV isolates, andthus the MAb is believed to be recognizing that conserved epitope.Combining ENDV specific MAb's 7F8 or 17F4 with MAb specific for allstrains of NDV would results in a test that could distinguish vaccinestrains of NDV from ENDV infected birds.

The foregoing detailed description is for the purpose of illustration.Such detail is solely for that purpose and those skilled in the art canmake variations therein without departing from the spirit and scope ofthe invention.

1. An isolated monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof that binds to apeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO
 1. 2. An isolated monoclonal antibody orfragment thereof that binds to a peptide consisting of SEQ ID NO
 2. 3.An isolated monoclonal antibody or fragment thereof that binds to apeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO
 4. 4. An isolated monoclonal antibody orfragment thereof that binds to a peptide consisting of SEQ ID 6.